{"id":12004,"date":"2019-04-25T01:46:21","date_gmt":"2019-04-25T05:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/?p=12004"},"modified":"2022-11-11T19:40:56","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T22:40:56","slug":"facebook-censorship-of-the-workers-party-in-paraguay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/facebook-censorship-of-the-workers-party-in-paraguay\/","title":{"rendered":"Facebook censorship of the Workers Party in Paraguay"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>The\nWorkers&#8217; Party (PT for it\u2019s spanish acronym) of Paraguay &#8211; a\nnon-hegemonic party with few resources &#8211; was subject of censorship by\nthe Facebook social network, forcing the party to take measures to\navoid loosing its right of free expression in the Internet.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The\ncase<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Last September, the Workers Party (PT) published an article addressing the imprisonment of Oscar Gonz\u00e1lez Daher- former senator and president of the Magistrates Trial Jury (JEM) &#8211; an unprecedented case in the country regarding seizure of an elected authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/imagen_redimensionada_publicaci\u00f3neliminada.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10572\" width=\"522\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/imagen_redimensionada_publicaci\u00f3neliminada.jpeg 719w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/imagen_redimensionada_publicaci\u00f3neliminada-300x169.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The<a href=\"http:\/\/ptpy.litci.org\/que-significa-la-prision-de-gonzalez-daher\/\"> article<\/a> was published on the PT&#8217;s official website http:\/\/ptparaguay.litci.org\/ and distributed on social media. Facebook is currently the most popular social network of the party, with more than 8,000 followers and a very active account that makes visible all the work of the organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However,\nand to the great surprise of those involved, shortly after the note\nwas published, both the article and the domain (address of the\nwebsite) were classified as spam by the Facebook. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nabove implies numerous problems: Once Facebook classifies a webpage\nas spam, it automatically stops being shareable in the social\nnetwork, making it impossible to distribute any information contained\nin it and by any user of the network, both PT social media account\nand also third parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>One step back: Facebook community rules and spam<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/facebook-thumbs_EFFimage-1024x512.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/facebook-thumbs_EFFimage-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/facebook-thumbs_EFFimage-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/facebook-thumbs_EFFimage-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/facebook-thumbs_EFFimage.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Pulgares de Facebook: Imagen extra\u00edda de EFF (eff.org)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Invoking principles such as security, equity and voice, Facebook makes available to different users its &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/communitystandards\/introduction\">Community Standards<\/a>&#8220;, a set of -valga redundancia- community rules that describe what is allowed and what is not allowed on Facebook.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Section\n(IV) Integrity and authenticity, in its subsection 16 addresses spam\nand states that Facebook:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Strive\nto limit the spread of commercial spam in order to avoid false\nadvertising, fraud and security breaches, which prevent people from\nsharing and connecting. We do not allow people to use misleading or\ninaccurate information to increase the number of likes, followers or\ntimes the content is shared.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nIt is\nimportant to recognize the efforts of Facebook to make transparent\nit\u2019s content moderation processes. When establishing general\ncommunity standards, it establishes game rules that must be known and\nrespected in advanced. However, each case in particular must be\nstudied, to avoid discretionality and not end up censoring certain\nspeeches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nTransferring\nthe application of community standards to the specific case of the\nWorkers&#8217; Party, it is worth analyzing a series of points related to\nthe problem they faced, as well as the specific responsibility of\nFacebook when censoring a left political party (It is not being\nevaluated if there was a direct or indirect action by the platform):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> The website in question was marked as spam after a blog publication that directly attacked corruption, a cancer in Paraguayan democracy that is related to complex power threads of economic and political nature,  and new actors like drug trafficking.  <\/li><li> There are no satisfactory mechanisms to appeal Facebook decisions once a web page domain is categorized as spam. Both in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\">Facebook help service <\/a>and in the FAQ\u2019s forum itself, users provide testimonies of how their domains were blocked without apparent explanation, and with no response from Facebook once they appealed the decision. <\/li><li> The current <a href=\"https:\/\/developers.facebook.com\/tools\/debug\/sharing\/\">Facebook Debugger service<\/a> &#8211; helps to identify errors that Facebook reads from a web page in order to later solve them with a developer &#8211; has received <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/community\/question\/?id=10151472724566829&amp;_rdc=2&amp;_rdr\">numerous criticisms <\/a>from users who have followed the instructions to hone their website according Facebook demands, to then still remained categorized as spam.  <\/li><li> From a user&#8217;s point of view, Facebook&#8217;s help service makes it very difficult to find information on what steps can be taken to declassify a web page as spam: Users complain in different countries about the problem, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/community\/question\/?id=10200283709601057\">only official response <\/a>found to date within the Facebook help service is to an English-speaking user. In the case of questions written in Spanish, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/community\/question\/?id=10200283709601057\">no type of response is identified by the platform<\/a>. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"959\" height=\"418\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/screenshoot_answerfacebook.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/screenshoot_answerfacebook.png 959w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/screenshoot_answerfacebook-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/screenshoot_answerfacebook-768x335.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 959px) 100vw, 959px\" \/><figcaption>Respuesta en foro de consultas de Facebook por parte de la compa\u00f1\u00eda y solo en ingl\u00e9s. Imagen extra\u00edda del foro de consultas de Facebook<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Freedom\nof expression in Paraguay and the Internet<\/strong> \n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p> &#8220;Free expression and freedom of the press are guaranteed, as well as the diffusion of thought and opinion, without any censorship, without more limitations than those provided in this Constitution: consequently, no law that makes it impossible or restricts it.  There will be no press offenses, but common crimes committed through the press &#8220;<\/p><cite>Freedom of expression is enshrined in the Paraguay\u2019s National Constitution &#8211; article 26<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>At\nthe international level, both the Human Rights Declaration and the\nInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of United\nNations recognizes the importance and the right to freedom of\nexpression. Both instruments have also been ratified by Paraguay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, the<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consejo_de_Derechos_Humanos_de_las_Naciones_Unidas\"> United Nations Human Rights Council<\/a>, at its 32nd session, explicitly addresses the relationship between freedom of expression and the online environment, by saying that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;Affirms\nthat the rights of individuals must also be protected on the\nInternet, in particular freedom of expression, which is applicable\nregardless of frontiers and by any procedure chosen, in accordance\nwith Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the\nInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights &#8220;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nThus,\nfreedom of expression is a widely recognized right both at the local\nand international level. Digital platforms that store and distribute\ncontent must take all necessary measures to ensure a free and safe\nexercise of this right, beyond specific precautions that they can\ndecide as private patios that decide what type of content is not\nacceptable on their platform, i.e: nudity or sexual content on\nFacebook.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nLastly,\nfreedom of expression in it\u2019s interrelation with other rights such\nas access to information, free association and privacy, only further\nstrengthen the importance of its full implementation in physical and\ndigital environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Intermediary\nliability on third-party content<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Intermediary\nliability on the Internet has a series of characteristics that\ndetermine precisely the degree of responsibility that is attributed\n-or not- to an intermediary about third party content. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Depending on the legislations of each country, the above varies. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/es\/issues\/cda230\">Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act (CDA) of the United States<\/a> explicitly states that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;No\nprovider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated\nas the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another\ninformation content provider&#8221;. <\/em>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, online intermediaries that store or re-publish discourse are exempt from a series of laws or approaches that could make them responsible for content published by third parties. However, the above does not mean full discretion on the part of private third parties: When carrying out explicit acts of content removal, the platforms must comply with human rights standards and, above all, allow freedom of speech and access to information of its users in the online environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other side of the pond, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/ES\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031\">the e-commerce Directive of the European Union<\/a> establishes that those responsible for content are the users that publish the content. Platforms are required to intervene or remove content only if they are informed of a specific violation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no obligation to actively monitor users activity. However,<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/ES\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031\"> this will have a paradigmatic shift with the adoption of the Copyright Directive<\/a> and the controversial<a href=\"https:\/\/www.xataka.com\/legislacion-y-derechos\/que-articulo-13-que-google-youtube-estan-haciendo-campana\"> article 13<\/a>, approved last March.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From\nLatin America, spaces for reflection that address the issue in a\nmulti-stakeholder way are needed, in order to reflect best approaches\nto ensure online expression and  a human rights perspective\nregulation. \nThe\ndebate around an approach that satisfies all the parties is far from\nbeing solved. It\u2019s going to\nbe an issue that will\nprobably follow in a bidding of powers between different actors and\ninterests of the Internet ecosystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Final\nreflections<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Returning\nto the Workers&#8217; Party case in\nParaguay, a measure adopted\nby them to avoid Facebook\nblocking was, for instance,\nposting on their Facebook feeds\nlinks to their\nTwitter account\nin order to guarantee\nthe circulation of the original post.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"530\" height=\"852\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/imagen_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10574\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/imagen_2.jpg 530w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/imagen_2-187x300.jpg 187w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\nAs a last\nresort, however, they were indirectly coerced by the platform to\nchange their domain to a new one, in order to circulate their content\norganically in the main social network they are occupying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> The case described is of great concern for two reasons: One, the current way in which Facebook appeal system architecture  is built, and two, the methodology in which the information is available to follow up cases that emanate from the Community Standards application, impact and make it extremely difficult to access information on various topics, including how to unblock a web page that was erroneously classified as spam. <strong>This must be solved urgently.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\nis also worrisome that there\nis still a priorization from\nqueries written in English (at least those that are immediately on\nthe page). Not only is there a clear neglect of the platform in\nguaranteeing internationally recognized rights, but from a consumers\npoint of view there is a silent discrimination on the part of this\nplatform that must be immediately\nreviewed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A\nfinal issue to be analyzed is how censorship not only impacts freedom\nof expression itself, but also, as a direct consequence, forces a\nsmall party to spend money to continue spreading its work. Resources\nthat could be used to perform other types of important activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Returning\nto one of the initial points raised at the beginning of the article,\nsome of the measures\nimplemented by Facebook to generate a healthier ecosystem must be\ncelebrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Their transparency policies that account for the way in which their<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.fb.com\/news\/2018\/11\/enforcing-our-community-standards-2\/\"> Community Standards are being complied with by the company<\/a> and the type of content they are pro-actively identifying and removing-depending on the case-are Facebook signals that, although responding to economic and maintenance of users interests, can guarantee a better environment to the entire community that inhabits the platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On\nthe other hand, the application of these community rules &#8211; from a\nlegal and operational point of view &#8211; still pose a series of problems\nthat need to be thoroughly reviewed by the\ncompany: Cases such as the Workers&#8217; Party, highlight the need to\nanalyze each case with multidisciplinary perspectives in order to\nensure a truly healthy online environment, where it is truly\nguaranteed that everyone&#8217;s voice is heard.<\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Workers&#8217; Party (PT for it\u2019s spanish acronym) of Paraguay &#8211; a non-hegemonic party with few resources &#8211; was subject [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10576,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1233,717],"tags":[1309,872,1129],"class_list":["post-12004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-freedom-of-expression","tag-censorship-en","tag-content-moderation","tag-facebook-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12004"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12004\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12010,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12004\/revisions\/12010"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}