{"id":28614,"date":"2025-05-19T08:35:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T12:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/?p=28614"},"modified":"2025-06-12T14:44:17","modified_gmt":"2025-06-12T18:44:17","slug":"imsi-catchers-in-paraguay-the-invisible-surveillance-threatening-your-right-to-protest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/imsi-catchers-in-paraguay-the-invisible-surveillance-threatening-your-right-to-protest\/","title":{"rendered":"IMSI catchers in Paraguay: the invisible surveillance threatening your right to protest"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>This content was written by <\/em><em>Araceli Ram\u00edrez<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Have you ever wondered if it&#8217;s possible to track every phone present at a protest without anyone noticing? The answer is yes \u2014 and Paraguay is no exception to this threat. We&#8217;re talking about the use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.accessnow.org\/latam-una-region-enamorada-de-la-vigilancia-en-2023\/\">highly intrusive technologies<\/a> like IMSI catchers \u2014 also known as Stingrays or cell-site simulators \u2014 surveillance devices that operate in the shadows and, so far, have evaded any kind of regulation or citizen oversight.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are IMSI catchers and how do they work?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An IMSI catcher is a device that <strong>pretends to be a cell tower<\/strong> in order to intercept and collect data from all mobile phones within its range. Its main function is to capture the <strong>unique identifiers<\/strong> of devices \u2014 such as the IMSI from the SIM card or the IMEI from the phone \u2014 without users knowing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"784\" data-id=\"28715\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/imsi.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/imsi.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/imsi-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/imsi-768x602.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Once connected, the device can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Detect the <strong>approximate location<\/strong> of any phone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determine which <strong>phone number is linked<\/strong> to a SIM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interrupt or block calls and messages.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In some cases, <strong>force the network to downgrade<\/strong> (e.g., from 4G to 2G), making it more vulnerable to the interception of unencrypted communications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These capabilities turn the IMSI catcher into a tool of <strong>mass surveillance<\/strong>, able to gather data from thousands of people <strong>without a court order or reasonable suspicion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Paraguayan case: Are IMSI catchers being used in our country?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2021, TEDIC filed a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/informacionpublica.paraguay.gov.py\/#!\/ciudadano\/solicitud\/48151\">public information request<\/a><\/strong> to find out whether the Paraguayan government had acquired or was using IMSI catchers. The National Police&#8217;s response was ambiguous: they stated they &#8220;could neither confirm nor deny&#8221; their use in Paraguay. This refusal leaves the public in a state of uncertainty and vulnerability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through ongoing monitoring of public procurement and import systems, we identified that the Paraguayan state has been acquiring surveillance technologies like these for several years. In particular, we found records of a potential <a href=\"https:\/\/www.contrataciones.gov.py\/sin-difusion-convocatoria\/284615-adquisicion-equipos-seguridad.html\">acquisition of interception equipment<\/a> by the Ministry of the Interior in 2014, during the administration of Horacio Cartes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the purchase of IMSI catchers wasn&#8217;t explicitly mentioned, the awarded company in that bid was <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.septier.com\/es\/\">Septier Communications<\/a><\/strong>, an Israeli firm known for manufacturing these devices. This finding heightens concerns about the <strong>possible use of mass surveillance tools without public oversight in Paraguay<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Along the same lines, our <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Guia-Manifestaciones-libres-WEB.pdf\">\u201cFree Protests\u201d guide<\/a><\/strong> had already identified other signs of <strong>state surveillance in protest contexts<\/strong>, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Using IMSI catchers to <strong>identify everyone present<\/strong> at a protest by collecting unique identifiers from their phones \u2014 a practice that, if confirmed, would violate the rights to <strong>privacy, freedom of expression, and peaceful assembly.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A lack of transparency from the Ministry of the Interior and National Police in response to information requests, which further reinforces alerts from national and international human rights organizations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evidence in the public procurement system of <strong>surveillance-related purchases<\/strong>, combined with official silence, continues to raise red flags.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additionally, Paraguay\u2019s security forces <a href=\"https:\/\/www.contrataciones.gov.py\/licitaciones\/convocatoria\/434646-adquisicion-hardware-especializado-software-forense-1.html#itemSolicitados\">have acquired <\/a><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.contrataciones.gov.py\/licitaciones\/convocatoria\/434646-adquisicion-hardware-especializado-software-forense-1.html#itemSolicitados\">forensic data extraction tools<\/a><\/strong> for mobile devices, such as <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cellebrite.com\/en\/cellebrite-introduces-ufed-touch2-platform\/\">Cellebrite UFED<\/a><\/strong>, which can access private information stored on phones, including conversations in WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, Facebook, and other apps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As we write this article, a <strong>new procurement notice<\/strong> is active: the <strong>Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Itaip\u00fa (PTI)<\/strong> is seeking <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ultimahora.com\/pti-pospone-apertura-de-ofertas-para-equipos-de-espionaje\">to purchase <\/a><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ultimahora.com\/pti-pospone-apertura-de-ofertas-para-equipos-de-espionaje\">spyware and surveillance software<\/a><\/strong> worth <strong>12 million USD<\/strong>. Among the listed solutions is an <strong>IMSI catcher system for the Ministry of the Interior<\/strong>, confirming that this technology is not only part of past acquisitions but <strong>continues to be a state priority<\/strong> today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why does this matter in the context of protests?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Surveillance in protests is not new \u2014 but the <a href=\"https:\/\/sls.eff.org\/es\/technologies\/herramientas-forenses\">tools are getting more sophisticated<\/a>. Today, in addition to physical police presence, <strong>invisible technologies<\/strong> are being used that can <strong>turn any peaceful protest into a mass data collection operation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Paraguay, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Guia-Manifestaciones-libres-WEB.pdf\">we&#8217;ve documented <\/a>other forms of protest surveillance, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monitoring and data scraping from social media<\/strong> to identify protestors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Forensic phone extractions<\/strong> by the Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Surveillance with facial recognition cameras and drones.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Using photos and metadata<\/strong> to legally prosecute protestors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>IMSI catchers add a new, hard-to-detect threat to this landscape: <strong>they can track people in real time, build profiles, and link them to public events without consent.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"IMSI catchers en Paraguay: la vigilancia invisible que amenaza tu derecho a manifestarte\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/z60j3JIZB18?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What rights are at stake?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of mass surveillance technologies like IMSI catchers \u2014 especially without regulation, judicial oversight, or public transparency \u2014 violates fundamental rights and undermines the very foundations of the rule of law:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Right to privacy and personal data protection.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Right to the presumption of innocence<\/strong>, since people are treated as suspects just for being present.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>But this is about more than just individual rights \u2014 it&#8217;s about the <strong>architecture of democracy<\/strong> itself. Uncontrolled surveillance <strong>redefines the role of the state<\/strong>, shifting it from <strong>protector of freedoms<\/strong> to <strong>discipliner of dissent<\/strong>. A permanent regime of suspicion is created \u2014 especially over <strong>activists, human rights defenders, journalists, opposition leaders, and mobilized citizens.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Shoshana Zuboff warns in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hachettebookgroup.com\/titles\/shoshana-zuboff\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism\/9781610395700\/?lens=publicaffairs\">The Age of Surveillance Capitalism<\/a><\/em> (2019), &#8220;<strong>privacy is no longer about having secrets \u2014 it\u2019s about the right to have a self<\/strong>.&#8221; When it comes to state surveillance tools like IMSI catchers, what&#8217;s being eroded isn&#8217;t just some abstract notion of privacy, but <strong>our very ability to be free, active citizens \u2014 without fear or invisible constraints.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, surveillance in protests <strong>is not neutral or universal<\/strong>. As Simone Browne points out in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dukeupress.edu\/dark-matters\">Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness<\/a><\/em> (2015), surveillance technologies <strong>reproduce racialized, classist, and colonial logics of control<\/strong>, disproportionately affecting already vulnerable or dissenting groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Paraguay, this likely means increased surveillance of <strong>young people, racialized communities, low-income sectors, and TLGBIQ+ populations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From a <strong>technopolitical perspective<\/strong>, it&#8217;s key to recognize that these technologies <strong>don\u2019t just collect data \u2014 they produce social order<\/strong>: they seek to discourage political participation, instill fear, and limit dissent. The effect is not only technical, but <strong>symbolic and cultural<\/strong>: the fear of being watched becomes a mechanism of <strong>self-censorship and demobilization.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allowing these tools to operate <strong>secretly and without citizen control<\/strong> is to renounce our <strong>sovereignty as a democratic society<\/strong>. There can be no talk of a free society if we cannot protest without being watched.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What can you do? How can you protect yourself?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>At TEDIC, we recommend:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use <strong>end-to-end encrypted apps<\/strong> like Signal or WhatsApp to protect your messages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Activate <strong>disappearing messages<\/strong> in group and individual chats to reduce sensitive data exposure if your phone is intercepted.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set <strong>strong passwords<\/strong> for device access and secure messaging apps \u2014 this can prevent unauthorized access, even during forensic extraction attempts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid storing all your info on one device. When possible, <strong>compartmentalize<\/strong>: separate your files, contacts, and chats across devices or platforms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Switch to airplane mode or turn off your phone<\/strong> during a protest \u2014 especially if you suspect IMSI catchers may be nearby.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid posting images with <strong>identifiable faces<\/strong> or that confirm your presence at a protest. <strong>Think before you upload.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Remove image metadata (EXIF)<\/strong> before sharing \u2014 some apps do this automatically.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Securely delete files<\/strong> using apps like <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.protectstar.com\/en\/products\/ishredder\">iShredder<\/a><\/strong> to ensure they can\u2019t be recovered.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Download our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/seguridad-digital-para-coberturas-de-alto-riesgo-en-paraguay\/\">high-risk coverage guide<\/a><\/strong> to learn which tools we recommend and how to use them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"instagram-media\" data-instgrm-captioned data-instgrm-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/reel\/C5oX2CorVFJ\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" data-instgrm-version=\"14\" style=\" background:#FFF; 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font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;\">Ver esta publicaci\u00f3n en Instagram<\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\"><div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"><\/div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"><\/div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"margin-left: 8px;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"margin-left: auto;\"> <div style=\" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"><\/div> <div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"><\/div><\/div><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/a><p style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/reel\/C5oX2CorVFJ\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;\" target=\"_blank\">Una publicaci\u00f3n compartida de Tecnolog\u00eda y Derechos Humanos (@tedicpy)<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/blockquote>\n<script async src=\"\/\/www.instagram.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">We also demand that the Paraguayan State:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ensure <strong>greater transparency<\/strong> around surveillance technology acquisition and use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enact a <strong>robust legal framework<\/strong> that guarantees proportionality and necessity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prohibit the use of IMSI catchers without strict judicial oversight<\/strong>, and ensure the effective protection of the <strong>right to protest<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Download our \u201cFree Protests\u201d guide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>At TEDIC, we developed the guide <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Guia-Manifestaciones-libres-WEB.pdf\">\u201cFree Protests: Police Surveillance in Protests in Paraguay\u201d<\/a><\/strong>, a practical tool to understand the risks and learn how to <strong>protect yourself collectively<\/strong>.<br \/>Download it, use it, and share it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This content was written by Araceli Ram\u00edrez Have you ever wondered if it&#8217;s possible to track every phone present at [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":28611,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1233,711],"tags":[1062,1666,2107,714,1668,729,737],"class_list":["post-28614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en","category-privacy","tag-datos-personales-en","tag-imsi-catcher","tag-imsi-catcher-2","tag-personal-data-en","tag-protest","tag-surveillance-en","tag-vigilancia-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28614"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29207,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28614\/revisions\/29207"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tedic.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}